Imperialism in africa. I would add to his account that there was a resurgence in the idea of an Italian Empire during WWI, a war during which Italy secured its stronghold in Libya particularly. By 5 May, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia had returned to Addis Ababa to reclaim his throne. Zulu Nation Cape Town Cape Colony Shaka Zulu. Italian colonialism in Africa, motivated largely by the desire to enhance the historic glory of Italy and to help Italy find its place in the sun along with other colonial powers, forced Italians to think about racial difference, and many Italians came to accept racial difference to some degree, even though they may have treated their colonial subjects well. Although for the majority of the European imperialist powers the First World War led to greater integration between metropolis and colonies, in the case of Italy it caused the kingdom and its overseas territories to draw apart. "Ruth Ben-Ghiats Italian Fascisms Empire Cinema.". Ultimately, France agreed to give Germany 250,000 square kilometres of French Congo. Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. The matter was taken by Greece to the League of Nations, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. There existed popular rhetoric of nationalism, in which interlocutors described Libya as still part of the ancient Roman Empire, and by extension of that as being part of Italy. Half a century of Italian colonialism had long-term effects on attitudes towards race and racism in both Italy and its colonies. France. Even hardcore Fascists such as Roberto Farinacci disliked Nazi doctrines, especially Alfred Rosenbergs racist ideas, because he believed that ideas about German racial superiority could be used against Mediterranean people as well as Jews. As a student of Nigerian history, I have spent the last several years analyzing the nature of British rule in West Africa, especially in comparison to the French style. Following the independence of Somalia in 1960, Italy's 65-year period of imperialism concluded. (LogOut/ I'm an Assistant Professor in the Global Challenges Program at African Leadership University and a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Rwanda's Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management (CoEB). [38] Ethiopian military and civilian dead, many of them from Italian bomb and mustard gas attacks, were estimated as high as 275,000. [43] Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them. By 16 September 1940, the Italians advanced 100 kilometres (60mi) across the border. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean":[34], "The bars of this prison are Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus. 1995. This process, which lasted from the late 19th century through the early . The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Thus Italys racialist views of its colonial subjects differed in some respects from that of other colonial powers. 9781138496095. eBay Product ID (ePID) 23046660028. Before the 1870's, the British had very little competition in gathering colonies-Germany and Italy were not unified, the French were busy fighting with the . The following briefly reviews the larger contours of this history and outlines some central arguments about its . [33] Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. [34] This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism. France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814-1905), Turkey, and the United . When they joined the war in 1915, they had a sizable army of . Vastly outnumbered and poorly equipped,[20] the result was a decisive defeat for Italy at the hands of Ethiopian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Between the years 1870s and 1900, Africa faced imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military invasions, and the conquest and colonization by the Europeans. Italy was one of the European countries with colonies in Africa during the modern period. in, Steinmetz, George. Dalmatia), the expansion of Italy's sphere of influence into the Balkans (e.g. France and the United Kingdom controlled the rest of the Arab world and most of Africa for much of the 20th century, limiting Italy's options for colonial expansion. Question 3. Sbacchi, Alberto. Italy's efforts to gain control of Ethiopia ended in bitter defeat. When you are best buddies with another country. Only the territory of Somalia was eventually turned into a UN trust territory under Italian administration until 1960. Italian colonial policy differed, however, in that it was premised more on enhancing the glory and overall international prestige of Italy, rather than on the economic benefits that could be gained from colonies. Such racial-ist thinking led some Italians to consider the position of Jews within Italy in a parallel manner, and to place them on this racial hierarchy. Imperialism in AfricaImperialism is defined as one country's domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. The Italian colonial empire (Italian: Impero coloniale italiano), known as the Italian Empire (Impero Italiano) between 1936 and 1943, began in Africa in the 19th century and comprised the colonies, protectorates, concessions and dependencies of the Kingdom of Italy. In Albania, Yugoslavia, the Dodecanese, and other territories still held by the Italians, German military forces successfully attacked their former Italian allies and ended Italy's rule. In November 1949 the former Italian Somaliland then under British military administration, was made a 10-year United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration (Trust Territory of Somaliland). According to Payne (1996), "[the] Fascist government . During the Second World War (19391945), Italy occupied British Somaliland, parts of south-eastern France, western Egypt and most of Greece, but then lost those conquests and its African colonies, including Ethiopia, to the invading allied forces by 1943. Colonialism in Africa 2022-10-13. Nice) and Yugoslavia (e.g. Fascist racial laws were often ignored and not enforced, however, because they seemed alien to both Italians and colonial subjects. Italy has not yet confronted its colonial past, and issues of racism and anti-Semitism are not commonly discussed and analyzed in the country. Imperialism in africa.French Colonial Rule French and Portuguese colonies were ruled differently. Imperialism in Africa is an important topic in world history. Italians, including Fascists, generally did not approve of Nazi doctrines, thinking them crude, pagan, brutal, and unprincipled. Other anthropologists, such as Giuseppe Sergi, argued that Europeans actually originated in Africa. Only in 1996 did Italy's defense minister finally acknowledge it. View all posts by deltalaine. Allied intervention against Vichy French-held Morocco and Algeria created a two-front campaign. Rate. were limited to blacks or whites only. [35], In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a League of Nations mandate of the former German Cameroon and a free hand in Ethiopia from France in return for Italian support against Germany (see Stresa Front). Nigel Thomas. WHAT IS IMPERIALISM? Italy and other German allies supported both actions. Italy had also attempted to invade Ethiopia in 1895, but was repulsed by Ethiopian forces in the Battle of Adwa, a sharp blow to many Italians in that a European army was defeated by an African one. The colonization of africa Rating: 8,8/10 1295 reviews. America's fo, LOCATION: Italy Racist laws mandating separation by race were alien to most Italians, and most Italians in the colonies therefore ignored them with impunity. In 2008, Italy and Libya agreed to a cooperation treaty, which included $5 billion in Italian compensation for colonialism and, as then Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi stated, for the "killing, destruction, and repression of the Libyan people.". Militarism-. Benito Mussolini ruled as dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Imperialism began after the Industrial Revolution. In 1884 the German Chancellor Bismarck organized the Berlin Conference in order to divide up Africa in a civilized matter between Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy. Andall, Jacqueline and Derek Duncan, eds. [3] However, in 1920, an Albanian rebellion led the Italians to agree to return the occupied regions to Albania, with the exception of Sazan Island. This invasion was halted after the loss of five hundred Italian troops at the Battle of Dogali. Since arriving to Florence to write up my Niger Delta findings, I have spent more time thinking about how a European power could have been comparably less effectivein its attempts to colonize African territories. By 1902 the British had . Italy in order to successfully expand in Africa, also reached an agreement with Russia, the two sides signed that the common resistance to the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the Balkans, intended to Russia in the Black Sea Strait expansion . Greece, Turkey, and Egypt have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. [25] As a result of the Italo-Turkish War, Italy gained Libya and the Dodecanese Islands. Armies in the Balkans 191418. Africans could be punished for not respecting Italians. [28] By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the Treaty of London and by 17 November had seized Fiume as well. Mussolinis regime sought to regain a foothold in Africa starting in the 1920s, and did so with his conquering of Ethiopia 1936 when he declared an official Italian Empire. However, WWI had depleted the resources of the Italian government and Mussolini failed to understand realistically what was necessary to successfully maintain rule over African colonies. John J. Mearsheimer. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui), Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa, Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba, Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&oldid=1131066065, States and territories established in 1882, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2021, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 8. Name the three main categories of causes of Imperialism, Industrialism created demand for which type of good that could be found in other parts of the world, The White Man's Burden is most closely related to which other concept, derived from the scientific revolution but twisted for race., Increased competition in Europe for economic development created this political cause, which manifested . Whites and blacks continued to live side by side, despite segregation orders. answer choices. . Fascists also considered as a problem the children born from mixed marriages, resulting in persons who did not completely fit within either Italian or African culture. [33] In 1938, Italy demanded a sphere of influence in the Suez Canal in Egypt, specifically demanding that the French-dominated Suez Canal Company accept an Italian representative on its board of directors. And besides by the time Italian forces penetrated to addis Ababa the capital city of Ethiopia was not Addis Ababa. The start of the 1880's saw massive increase of European nations seeking territory in . He had designs on an area of western Yugoslavia, southern France, Corsica, Malta, Tunisia, part of Algeria, an Atlantic port in Morocco, French Somaliland and British-controlled Egypt and Sudan. Some of the positive effects of this western imperialism were the new technologies such as medicine and nutrition that were brought to Africa. Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan all shared a global concept of fascism where the willingness to create a collective conscious of nationhood was justified through imperialism. This generally positive view of the former colonizing power can be attributed to the good relations between Italians and Africans. Imperialism means the extension of a nation's power over other lands. Renzi, William A. Italy's king, Victor Emmanuel III, was named emperor. Nationalism. [26], In 1914 Italy remained neutral and did not join its ally Germany in World War I. LANGUAGE: Italian, French, Slovene, German, and Fruilian Italian taxis could not accept Africans as passengers. Britain's colonies are shown in the color orange. Imperialism in Italy dates back to ancient Rome, and the Latin notion of mare nostrum ("Our Sea", referring to the Mediterranean) has historically been the basis for Italian imperialism, especially during the fascist era. Product Identifiers. The Fascist government that came to power with dictator Benito Mussolini after 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists. [45] Italian King Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci was established to rule over Albania. [49] In April 1941, Germany launched an invasion of Yugoslavia and then attacked Greece. When Somalia became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experiment with colonialism had ended. Italy during the era of modern European imperialism, This article is about the modern Italian colonial empire. Q. [10] Italy had long considered the Ottoman province of Tunisia, where a large community of Tunisian Italians lived, within its economic sphere of influence. Giovanni Pascoli, a great nationalist writer, stressed the importance both in his written works and speeches of forging an expanded national identity through conquest and praising of the proletariat. The French's empire was mainly in . One working-class Italian was quoted as saying that the Fascist regime would have been better off first to think about civilizing the Italians before trying to civilize Africans. I teach political economy and my research focuses on the gender dynamics of environmental conflict in Africa. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. . Prior to 1880, European rule in the African continent had mostly been restricted to the coast, extending a short distance inland along major rivers due to their economic interests being primarily limited to the slave trade. Lasting from 1890 to 1941, Italian colonialism in Africa included the presentday countries of Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. The primary driving force behind European imperialism was economics (usage and formation of money). ", In the Balkans, the Fascist regime claimed Dalmatia and held ambitions over Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, and Greece based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions. The Kingdom of Italy was governed by the National Fascist Party from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as prime minister.The Italian Fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church.. Director: Chadi Abdel Salam | Stars: Ahmed Marei, Ahmad Hegazi, Nadia Lutfi, Mohamed . "Italy's neutrality and entrance into the Great War: a re-examination. Retrieved January 16, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/africa-italian-colonies. Italy was one of the European countries with colonies in Africa during the modern period. The European states were in dire need of new raw materials such as oil, diamonds, and rubber, so they sought to . Italian influence on American history can be traced back to the navigators Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. France's colonies were mainly in north and west Africa. The Allies made promises and in 1915 Italy joined them. The age of European imperialism from 1850 to 1914 had a substantial impact on the continents of Africa and Asia. British and French somaliland are shown in white, as part of the A.O.I. Mussolinis Italy: Life under the Dictatorship 19151945. The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto to march to the oceans. Such classifications grew from work done in the early nineteenth century, and were based on the traditional Biblical division of peoples into the Caucasians, Semites, and Hamites, who were the descendants respectively of Japheth, Shem, and Ham, the sons of Noah. As one colonial engineer stated, We must ban natives from any access to our cities unless we can force them to pass through a sort of station of human reclamation. Imperialism essay. To show national pride. Such an interpretation helped form racial attitudes toward black Africans, who were considered inferior and incapable of civilization. Italian Colonialism in Somalia. German and Italian forces entered Tunisia in late 1942 in response, however, forces in Egypt were soon forced to make a major retreat into Libya. Italys colonial experience forced Italians to confront the presence of non-Europeans within the Italian Empire. France's colonies were mainly in north and west Africa. Italians began to think of themselves as somehow different from colonized Africans and Arabs, and Fascist doctrine urged them to think themselves superior to the people they had colonized. By May 1943, Axis forces in Tunisia were forced to surrender. In Africa, the colonial empire included the territories of present-day Eritrea, Somalia, Libya, and Ethiopia; outside Africa, Italy possessed the Dodecanese Islands (following the Italo-Turkish War), Albania (a protectorate from 1917 to 1920 and from 1939 to 1943, when it was invaded and forced into a personal union with Italy),[3] and had a concession in China. By this time other European countries had already claimed most parts of Africa. Pp. [12] The shock of the "Slap of Tunis", as it was referred to in the Italian press, and the sense of Italy's isolation in Europe, led it into signing the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Italian annexation of Massawa denied the Ethiopian Empire of Yohannes IV an outlet to the sea. With new colonies in Africa, Italian scholars became interested in how colonial subjects fit into racial classifications. In the Scramble for Africa, Italy was not considered a key player in comparison to other major European powers. Theory based on "survival of the fittest" and was used by Europeans to justify imperializing Africa. The guards of this prison are Gibraltar and Suez. During the height of the Battle of Britain, the Italians launched an invasion of Egypt in the hope of capturing the Suez Canal. Newspapers were filled with talk of revenge for the humiliations suffered in Ethiopia at the end of the previous century, and of nostalgia for the Roman era. [53] However, following the surrender of East Africa, some Italians conducted a guerrilla war which lasted for two more years. Introduction . My interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Law and Society at New York University examined gender in Nigeria's oil conflict. [35] Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states. However, no Italian power took an active role in the scramble for the Americas, with the notable exception of the Pope who acted as an arbiter between European colonial powers during the Renaissance. [22] Total Italian, Eritrean, and Somali deaths, including those from disease, were estimated at 9,000.[22]. This article focuses on the extent to which imperialism contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. COLONIAL RACISM BEFORE AND DURING THE RISE OF FASCISM, THE LEGACY OF FASCIST COLONIAL RACIAL POLICY. The Zulus In the early 1800s in southern Africa, an African leader named Shaka conquered and united tribes to form the Zulu nation. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). . Many sympathized with the National Liberation Front's struggle for independence in Algeria. The Italian Empire (Italian: Impero Italiano) was created after the Kingdom of Italy joined other European powers in establishing colonies overseas during the "Scramble for Africa". African societies desperately tried to put up various forms of resistance against the attempt to colonize their countries and impose foreign domination. Get help now. THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM The age of Imperialism is the period between 1870 and 1914, during while the most powerful European nations struggled for the partitioning of the world. Militarism. Like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, it became a fully self-governing dominion within the British Empire. In October 1935 Italian troops invaded Ethiopia - then also known as Abyssinia - forcing the country's Emperor, Haile Selassie, into exile. Fascist policy emphasized war and conquest, the revitalization of the state, the rejection of tradition and the past, and the forging ahead to a new future that was to be achieved through force. P. 152. [21] The Ethiopians were supported by Russian advisers and equipment, as well as by a unit of Russian volunteers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Imperialism is defined as one country's domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. Some professions. Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism in Africa. Between 1871 and 1914, Italy attempted to grow in power, and thus in the size of it's military. Between 1911 and 1943, thousands of Italian immigrants moved to Libya, with the pace of immigration picking up once the Italian government became fascist. In Eritrea, three residential districts were established in the capital, Asmara: one for whites, one for blacks, and one for people of mixed race (indicating that intermarriage was a common practice). Prior to the imposition of Fascist racial policy, there was little anti-Semitism in Italy, and certainly nothing like the hatred of Jews present in Germany. Publisher. B. Part 2: Fatal Victory, 1935-6. The Treaty of London guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. Imperialism apush dbq.According to Document 8, British colonialism in Africa was horrible. Italian Fascists justified this apartheid on the basis that too much concern for native populations smacked of nineteenth-century liberalism, rather than of the New Order created by Fascism. 1976. 1985. Italians could not serve Africans in shops. Italy began its invasion of Libya in 1911, and succeeded in driving out the Turks, who controlled the territory, in 1912. [24] The concession was administered by the Italian consul in Tianjin. A wave of nationalism that swept Italy at the turn of the 20th century led to the founding of the Italian Nationalist Association, which pressed for the expansion of Italy's empire. On Italy's colonial expansion in the African continent see also Angelo Del Boca, Gli italiani in Africa orientale . Rome . Prior to direct intervention in World War I, Italy occupied the Albanian port of Vlor in December 1914. Ignoring protests from the League of Nations, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaimed a new Italian empire in East Africa, comprising Ethiopia and the pre-existing . (LogOut/ True. During World War II, Italy allied with Germany in 1940 and occupied British Somaliland, western Egypt, much of Yugoslavia, Tunisia, parts of south-western France and most of Greece; however, it then lost those conquests and its African colonies to the invading allied forces by 1943. Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, made the only Italian attempt to create a colony in the Americas, in what is now French Guiana, organizing in 1608 an expedition to explore the north of Brazil and the Amazon river in 1608 under the command of the English captain Robert Thornton. It is related to the Age of Imperialism and the expansion of the European empires in the 19th century. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Italy had AnnexedEritrea, Somalia, Libya and the islands Italian unification, such as Britain and the Second French . [19] Relations between Italy and Menelik deteriorated over the next few years until the First Italo-Ethiopian War broke out in 1895, when Crispi ordered Italian troops into the country. Ethiopia was never under italiyan colonization . Late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century anthropology was concerned with racial classification. In the Bible, the descendents of Ham are cursed and destined to become slaves. This prompted Italy to take part in the international expedition in Beijing at the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion the following year, and resulted in the acquisition of an concession in Tianjin in 1901, its only outpost in Asia. [50] A German intervention prevented the fall of Libya and the combined Axis attacks drove the British back into Egypt until summer 1942, before being stopped at El Alamein. On the eve of the Allied landings at Salerno, which started the Allied invasion of Italy, the new Italian government secretly signed an armistice with the Allies. ITALIAN AMERICANS. ITALY'S INFORMAL IMPERIALISM IN TIANJIN DURING THE LIBERAL EPOCH, 1902-1922* - Volume 59 Issue 2 . Question 3. The MAIN ECONOMIC reason industrialized nations wanted to carry out imperialism in Africa after the Industrial Revolution was: answer choices. It was granted a trust to administer former Italian Somaliland under United Nations supervision in 1950. In July 1940, Italian foreign minister Count Ciano presented Hitler with a list of Italy's goals that included: the annexation of Corsica, Nice, and Malta; protectorate in Tunisia and a buffer zone in Eastern Algeria; independence with Italian military presence and bases in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Transjordan as well as expropriation of oil companies in those territories; military occupation of Aden, Perim and Sokotra; Cyprus given to Greece in exchange for Ionian islands and Ciamuria given to Italy; Italy is given British Somaliland, Djibuti, French Equatorial Africa up to Ubangi-Shari, as well as Ciano adding at the meeting that Italy wanted Kenya and Uganda as well. The geographical position of Italy, located in the center of an internal sea, without an open free access to the ocean, contributed to this purely Mediterranean policy. Italian colonization can be divided into two periods. These two countries were in competition with each other to dominate European politics and economics. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Italian protectorate of Albania (19391943), trust to administer former Italian Somaliland, Military history of Italy during World War II, Allied intervention against Vichy French-held Morocco and Algeria, successfully invaded all of British Somaliland, secretly signed an armistice with the Allies, "I censimenti nell'Italia unita I censimenti nell'Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIET ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo", Italys Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions, Italian Map showing with green lines the territories conquered in 1940 by the Italians in Sudan and Kenya. [38], In July 1936, Francisco Franco of the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain". Hess, Robert L. 1966. In Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, imperialism was present and growing. The region of modern-day Albania had been an early part of the Roman Empire, which had actually been held before northern parts of Italy had been taken by the Romans, but had long since been populated by Albanians, even though Italy had retained strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence. In December 1893, Italian colonial troops and Mahdists fought again in the Second Battle of Agordat; Ahmed Ali campaigned against the Italian forces in eastern Sudan and led about 1012,000 men east from Kassala, encountering 2,400 Italians and their Eritrean Ascaris commanded by Colonel Arimondi. [52] But, in the Spring of 1941, the British had counter-attacked and pushed deep into Italian East Africa.
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